It employs two convex lenses: the collector lens and the condenser lens. In Koehler illumination, incident light from an illumination source, such as a light bulb, floods the object under inspection with light from behind ( Figure 2). A specific type of backlight illumination used in microscopy applications is Koehler illumination. Many microscopes utilize backlight illumination compared to traditional direct light illumination because the latter usually over-saturates the object under inspection. Before deciding on the type of illumination setup to work with, consider the application setup, object under inspection, and desired results. It is crucial to choose the correct illumination in order to obtain the most conclusive results. Illumination within a microscope is just as important as selecting the proper eyepiece or objective. For a simple guide on selecting the right design, view Choosing the Correct Eyepiece. Microscope eyepieces generally consist of a field lens and an eye lens, though multiple designs exist that each creates a larger field of view (FOV) than a single element design. Today, analog or digital cameras are used to project an image of the object onto a monitor or a screen. When microscopes were first invented, eyepieces played a major role in their design since they were the only means to actually see the object under inspection. Additionally, Equation 1 demonstrates how to calculate the overall system magnification. Figure 1 illustrates the components of a compound microscope. Eyepieces typically produce an additional 10X magnification, but this can vary from 1X – 30X. The eyepiece, located closest to the eye or sensor, projects and magnifies this real image and yields a virtual image of the object. This part of the microscope is needed to produce the base magnification. The objective, located closest to the object, relays a real image of the object to the eyepiece. There are two parts to a microscope that increase the overall system magnification: the objective and the eyepiece. With a microscope, a relay lens system replaces the single lens an objective and an eyepiece work in tandem to project the image of the object onto the eye, or a sensor – depending upon the application. This produces a magnified, virtual image. With a simple magnifier, the object is placed within the focal length of the single lens. It works similar to a simple magnifier which utilizes a single lens to magnify a small object in order for the human eye to discern its details. Components of MicroscopesĪ compound microscope is one that contains multiple lens elements. To understand these complex optical devices, consider a microscope's components, key concepts and specifications, and applications. The design has evolved over the microscope's history to now incorporate multiple lenses, filters, polarizers, beamsplitters, sensors, illumination sources, and a host of other components. The earliest microscopes, consisting of two elements, simply produced a larger image of an object under inspection than what the human eye could observe. A microscope is an optical device used to image an object onto the human eye or a video device.
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